Main index | Section 1 | Options |
zstdmt is equivalent to zstd -T0
unzstd is equivalent to zstd -d
zstdcat is equivalent to zstd -dcf
zstd command line syntax is generally similar to gzip, but features the following differences :
» | Source files are preserved by default. Its possible to remove them automatically by using the --rm command. |
» | When compressing a single file, zstd displays progress notifications and result summary by default. Use -q to turn them off. |
» | zstd does not accept input from console, but it properly accepts stdin when its not the console. |
» | zstd displays a short help page when command line is an error. Use -q to turn it off. |
Unless --stdout or -o is specified, files are written to a new file whose name is derived from the source file name:
» | When compressing, the suffix .zst is appended to the source filename to get the target filename. |
» | When decompressing, the .zst suffix is removed from the source filename to get the target filename |
KiB | Multiply the integer by 1,024 (2^10). Ki, K, and KB are accepted as synonyms for KiB. |
MiB | Multiply the integer by 1,048,576 (2^20). Mi, M, and MB are accepted as synonyms for MiB. |
-z, --compress | |
Compress. This is the default operation mode when no operation mode option is specified and no other operation mode is implied from the command name (for example, unzstd implies --decompress). | |
-d, --decompress, --uncompress | |
Decompress. | |
-t, --test | |
Test the integrity of compressed files. This option is equivalent to --decompress --stdout except that the decompressed data is discarded instead of being written to standard output. No files are created or removed. | |
-b# | Benchmark file(s) using compression level # |
--train FILEs | |
Use FILEs as a training set to create a dictionary. The training set should contain a lot of small files (> 100). | |
-l, --list | |
Display information related to a zstd compressed file, such as size, ratio, and checksum. Some of these fields may not be available. This command can be augmented with the -v modifier. | |
-# | # compression level [1-19] (default: 3) |
--ultra | |
unlocks high compression levels 20+ (maximum 22), using a lot more memory. Note that decompression will also require more memory when using these levels. | |
--long[=#] | |
enables long distance matching with # windowLog, if not # is not present it defaults to 27. This increases the window size (windowLog) and memory usage for both the compressor and decompressor. This setting is designed to improve the compression ratio for files with long matches at a large distance. | |
Note: If windowLog is set to larger than 27, --long=windowLog or --memory=windowSize needs to be passed to the decompressor. | |
-T#, --threads=# | |
Compress using # threads (default: 1). If # is 0, attempt to detect and use the number of physical CPU cores. In all cases, the nb of threads is capped to ZSTDMT_NBTHREADS_MAX==256. This modifier does nothing if zstd is compiled without multithread support. | |
-D file | |
use file as Dictionary to compress or decompress FILE(s) | |
--nodictID | |
do not store dictionary ID within frame header (dictionary compression). The decoder will have to rely on implicit knowledge about which dictionary to use, it wont be able to check if its correct. | |
-o file | |
save result into file (only possible with a single INPUT-FILE) | |
-f, --force | |
overwrite output without prompting, and (de)compress symbolic links | |
-c, --stdout | |
force write to standard output, even if it is the console | |
--[no-]sparse | |
enable / disable sparse FS support, to make files with many zeroes smaller on disk. Creating sparse files may save disk space and speed up decompression by reducing the amount of disk I/O. default: enabled when output is into a file, and disabled when output is stdout. This setting overrides default and can force sparse mode over stdout. | |
--rm | remove source file(s) after successful compression or decompression |
-k, --keep | |
keep source file(s) after successful compression or decompression. This is the default behavior. | |
-r | operate recursively on dictionaries |
--format=FORMAT | |
compress and decompress in other formats. If compiled with support, zstd can compress to or decompress from other compression algorithm formats. Possibly available options are gzip, xz, lzma, and lz4. | |
-h/-H, --help | |
display help/long help and exit | |
-V, --version | |
display version number and exit. Advanced : -vV also displays supported formats. -vvV also displays POSIX support. | |
-v | verbose mode |
-q, --quiet | |
suppress warnings, interactivity, and notifications. specify twice to suppress errors too. | |
-C, --[no-]check | |
add integrity check computed from uncompressed data (default: enabled) | |
-- | All arguments after -- are treated as files |
--train FILEs | |
Use FILEs as training set to create a dictionary. The training set should contain a lot of small files (> 100), and weight typically 100x the target dictionary size (for example, 10 MB for a 100 KB dictionary). | |
Supports multithreading if zstd is compiled with threading support. Additional parameters can be specified with --train-cover. The legacy dictionary builder can be accessed with --train-legacy. Equivalent to --train-cover=d=8,steps=4. | |
-o file | |
Dictionary saved into file (default name: dictionary). | |
--maxdict=# | |
Limit dictionary to specified size (default: 112640). | |
-# | Use # compression level during training (optional). Will generate statistics more tuned for selected compression level, resulting in a small compression ratio improvement for this level. |
-B# | Split input files in blocks of size # (default: no split) |
--dictID=# | |
A dictionary ID is a locally unique ID that a decoder can use to verify it is using the right dictionary. By default, zstd will create a 4-bytes random number ID. Its possible to give a precise number instead. Short numbers have an advantage : an ID < 256 will only need 1 byte in the compressed frame header, and an ID < 65536 will only need 2 bytes. This compares favorably to 4 bytes default. However, its up to the dictionary manager to not assign twice the same ID to 2 different dictionaries. | |
--train-cover[=k#,d=#,steps=#] | |
Select parameters for the default dictionary builder algorithm named cover. If d is not specified, then it tries d = 6 and d = 8. If k is not specified, then it tries steps values in the range [50, 2000]. If steps is not specified, then the default value of 40 is used. Requires that d <= k. | |
Selects segments of size k with highest score to put in the dictionary. The score of a segment is computed by the sum of the frequencies of all the subsegments of size d. Generally d should be in the range [6, 8], occasionally up to 16, but the algorithm will run faster with d <= 8. Good values for k vary widely based on the input data, but a safe range is [2 * d, 2000]. Supports multithreading if zstd is compiled with threading support. | |
Examples: | |
zstd --train-cover FILEs | |
zstd --train-cover=k=50,d=8 FILEs | |
zstd --train-cover=d=8,steps=500 FILEs | |
zstd --train-cover=k=50 FILEs | |
--train-legacy[=selectivity=#] | |
Use legacy dictionary builder algorithm with the given dictionary selectivity (default: 9). The smaller the selectivity value, the denser the dictionary, improving its efficiency but reducing its possible maximum size. --train-legacy=s=# is also accepted. | |
Examples: | |
zstd --train-legacy FILEs | |
zstd --train-legacy=selectivity=8 FILEs | |
-b# | benchmark file(s) using compression level # |
-e# | benchmark file(s) using multiple compression levels, from -b# to -e# (inclusive) |
-i# | minimum evaluation time, in seconds (default: 3s), benchmark mode only |
-B#, --block-size=# | |
cut file(s) into independent blocks of size # (default: no block) | |
--priority=rt | |
set process priority to real-time | |
Methodology: For both compression and decompression speed, the entire input is compressed/decompressed in-memory to measure speed. A run lasts at least 1 sec, so when files are small, they are compressed/decompressed several times per run, in order to improve measurement accuracy.
strategy=strat, strat=strat | |
Specify a strategy used by a match finder. | |
There are 8 strategies numbered from 1 to 8, from faster to stronger: 1=ZSTD_fast, 2=ZSTD_dfast, 3=ZSTD_greedy, 4=ZSTD_lazy, 5=ZSTD_lazy2, 6=ZSTD_btlazy2, 7=ZSTD_btopt, 8=ZSTD_btultra. | |
windowLog=wlog, wlog=wlog | |
Specify the maximum number of bits for a match distance. | |
The higher number of increases the chance to find a match which usually improves compression ratio. It also increases memory requirements for the compressor and decompressor. The minimum wlog is 10 (1 KiB) and the maximum is 30 (1 GiB) on 32-bit platforms and 31 (2 GiB) on 64-bit platforms. | |
Note: If windowLog is set to larger than 27, --long=windowLog or --memory=windowSize needs to be passed to the decompressor. | |
hashLog=hlog, hlog=hlog | |
Specify the maximum number of bits for a hash table. | |
Bigger hash tables cause less collisions which usually makes compression faster, but requires more memory during compression. | |
The minimum hlog is 6 (64 B) and the maximum is 26 (128 MiB). | |
chainLog=clog, clog=clog | |
Specify the maximum number of bits for a hash chain or a binary tree. | |
Higher numbers of bits increases the chance to find a match which usually improves compression ratio. It also slows down compression speed and increases memory requirements for compression. This option is ignored for the ZSTD_fast strategy. | |
The minimum clog is 6 (64 B) and the maximum is 28 (256 MiB). | |
searchLog=slog, slog=slog | |
Specify the maximum number of searches in a hash chain or a binary tree using logarithmic scale. | |
More searches increases the chance to find a match which usually increases compression ratio but decreases compression speed. | |
The minimum slog is 1 and the maximum is 26. | |
searchLength=slen, slen=slen | |
Specify the minimum searched length of a match in a hash table. | |
Larger search lengths usually decrease compression ratio but improve decompression speed. | |
The minimum slen is 3 and the maximum is 7. | |
targetLen=tlen, tlen=tlen | |
Specify the minimum match length that causes a match finder to stop searching for better matches. | |
A larger minimum match length usually improves compression ratio but decreases compression speed. This option is only used with strategies ZSTD_btopt and ZSTD_btultra. | |
The minimum tlen is 4 and the maximum is 999. | |
overlapLog=ovlog, ovlog=ovlog | |
Determine overlapSize, amount of data reloaded from previous job. This parameter is only available when multithreading is enabled. Reloading more data improves compression ratio, but decreases speed. | |
The minimum ovlog is 0, and the maximum is 9. 0 means "no overlap", hence completely independent jobs. 9 means "full overlap", meaning up to windowSize is reloaded from previous job. Reducing ovlog by 1 reduces the amount of reload by a factor 2. Default ovlog is 6, which means "reload windowSize / 8". Exception : the maximum compression level (22) has a default ovlog of 9. | |
ldmHashLog=ldmhlog, ldmhlog=ldmhlog | |
Specify the maximum size for a hash table used for long distance matching. | |
This option is ignored unless long distance matching is enabled. | |
Bigger hash tables usually improve compression ratio at the expense of more memory during compression and a decrease in compression speed. | |
The minimum ldmhlog is 6 and the maximum is 26 (default: 20). | |
ldmSearchLength=ldmslen, ldmslen=ldmslen | |
Specify the minimum searched length of a match for long distance matching. | |
This option is ignored unless long distance matching is enabled. | |
Larger/very small values usually decrease compression ratio. | |
The minumum ldmslen is 4 and the maximum is 4096 (default: 64). | |
ldmBucketSizeLog=ldmblog, ldmblog=ldmblog | |
Specify the size of each bucket for the hash table used for long distance matching. | |
This option is ignored unless long distance matching is enabled. | |
Larger bucket sizes improve collision resolution but decrease compression speed. | |
The minimum ldmblog is 0 and the maximum is 8 (default: 3). | |
ldmHashEveryLog=ldmhevery, ldmhevery=ldmhevery | |
Specify the frequency of inserting entries into the long distance matching hash table. | |
This option is ignored unless long distance matching is enabled. | |
Larger values will improve compression speed. Deviating far from the default value will likely result in a decrease in compression ratio. | |
The default value is wlog - ldmhlog. | |
--zstd=windowLog=23,chainLog=23,hashLog=22,searchLog=6,searchLength=3,targetLength=48,strategy=6
2018-01-27 | ZSTD (1) | zstd 1.3.4 |
Main index | Section 1 | Options |
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