csh(1) manual page

%job

A synonym for the fg builtin command.

%job &

A synonym for the bg builtin command.

Does nothing, successfully.

@
@ name = expr
@ name[index] = expr
@ name++|--

@ name[index]++|--

The first form prints the values of all shell variables.

The second form assigns the value of expr to name. The third form assigns the value of expr to the index'th component of name; both name and its index'th component must already exist.

expr may contain the operators `*', `+', etc., as in C. If expr contains `<', `>', `&' or `' then at least that part of expr must be placed within `()'. Note that the syntax of expr has nothing to do with that described under Expressions.

The fourth and fifth forms increment (`++') or decrement (`--') name or its index'th component.

The space between `@' and name is required. The spaces between name and `=' and between `=' and expr are optional. Components of expr must be separated by spaces.

alias [name [wordlist]]

Without arguments, prints all aliases. With name, prints the alias for name. With name and wordlist, assigns wordlist as the alias of name. wordlist is command and filename substituted. name may not be `alias' or `unalias'. See also the unalias builtin command.

alloc

Shows the amount of dynamic memory acquired, broken down into used and free memory. With an argument shows the number of free and used blocks in each size category. The categories start at size 8 and double at each step. This command's output may vary across system types, because systems other than the VAX may use a different memory allocator.

bg [%job ...]

Puts the specified jobs (or, without arguments, the current job) into the background, continuing each if it is stopped. job may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `-' as described under Jobs.

bindkey [-l|-d|-e|-v|-u] (+)
bindkey [-a] [-b] [-k] [-r] [--] key (+)

bindkey [-a] [-b] [-k] [-c|-s] [--] key command (+)

Without options, the first form lists all bound keys and the editor command to which each is bound, the second form lists the editor command to which key is bound and the third form binds the editor command command to key. Options include:

-l Lists all editor commands and a short description of each.

-d Binds all keys to the standard bindings for the default editor, as per -e and -v below.

-e Binds all keys to emacs(1)-style bindings. Unsets vimode.

-v Binds all keys to vi(1)-style bindings. Sets vimode.

-a Lists or changes key-bindings in the alternative key map. This is the key map used in vimode command mode.

-b key is interpreted as a control character written ^character (e.g., `^A') or C-character (e.g., `C-A'), a meta character written M-character (e.g., `M-A'), a function key written F-string (e.g., `F-string'), or an extended prefix key written X-character (e.g., `X-A').

-k key is interpreted as a symbolic arrow key name, which may be one of `down', `up', `left' or `right'.

-r Removes key's binding. Be careful: `bindkey -r' does not bind key to self-insert-command (q.v.), it unbinds key completely.

-c command is interpreted as a builtin or external command instead of an editor command.

-s command is taken as a literal string and treated as terminal input when key is typed. Bound keys in command are themselves reinterpreted, and this continues for ten levels of interpretation.

-- Forces a break from option processing, so the next word is taken as key even if it begins with '-'.

-u (or any invalid option)

Prints a usage message.

key may be a single character or a string. If a command is bound to a string, the first character of the string is bound to sequence-lead-in and the entire string is bound to the command.

Control characters in key can be literal (they can be typed by preceding them with the editor command quoted-insert, normally bound to `^V') or written caret-character style, e.g., `^A'. Delete is written `^?' (caret-question mark). key and command can contain backslashed escape sequences (in the style of System V echo(1)) as follows:

\a Bell

\b Backspace

\e Escape

\f Form feed

\n Newline

\r Carriage return

\t Horizontal tab

\v Vertical tab

\nnn The ASCII character corresponding to the octal number nnn

`\' nullifies the special meaning of the following character, if it has any, notably `\' and `^'.

bs2cmd bs2000-command (+)

Passes bs2000-command to the BS2000 command interpreter for execution. Only non-interactive commands can be executed, and it is not possible to execute any command that would overlay the image of the current process, like /EXECUTE or /CALL-PROCEDURE. (BS2000 only)

break

Causes execution to resume after the end of the nearest enclosing foreach or while. The remaining commands on the current line are executed. Multi-level breaks are thus possible by writing them all on one line.

breaksw

Causes a break from a switch, resuming after the endsw.

builtins (+)

Prints the names of all builtin commands.

bye (+)

A synonym for the logout builtin command. Available only if the shell was so compiled; see the version shell variable.

case label:

A label in a switch statement as discussed below.

cd [-p] [-l] [-n|-v] [--] [name]

If a directory name is given, changes the shell's working directory to name. If not, changes to home, unless the cdtohome variable is not set, in which case a name is required. If name is `-' it is interpreted as the previous working directory (see Other substitutions). (+) If name is not a subdirectory of the current directory (and does not begin with `/', `./' or `../'), each component of the variable cdpath is checked to see if it has a subdirectory name. Finally, if all else fails but name is a shell variable whose value begins with `/' or '.', then this is tried to see if it is a directory, and the -p option is implied.

With -p, prints the final directory stack, just like dirs. The -l, -n and -v flags have the same effect on cd as on dirs, and they imply -p. (+) Using -- forces a break from option processing so the next word is taken as the directory name even if it begins with '-'. (+)

See also the implicitcd and cdtohome shell variables.

chdir

A synonym for the cd builtin command.

complete [command [word/pattern/list[:select]/[[suffix]/] ...]] (+)

Without arguments, lists all completions. With command, lists completions for command. With command and word etc., defines completions.

command may be a full command name or a glob-pattern (see Filename substitution). It can begin with `-' to indicate that completion should be used only when command is ambiguous.

word specifies which word relative to the current word is to be completed, and may be one of the following:

c Current-word completion. pattern is a glob-pattern which must match the beginning of the current word on the command line. pattern is ignored when completing the current word.

C Like c, but includes pattern when completing the current word.

n Next-word completion. pattern is a glob-pattern which must match the beginning of the previous word on the command line.

N Like n, but must match the beginning of the word two before the current word.

p Position-dependent completion. pattern is a numeric range, with the same syntax used to index shell variables, which must include the current word.

list, the list of possible completions, may be one of the following:

a Aliases

b Bindings (editor commands)

c Commands (builtin or external commands)

C External commands which begin with the supplied path prefix

d Directories

D Directories which begin with the supplied path prefix

e Environment variables

f Filenames

F Filenames which begin with the supplied path prefix

g Groupnames

j Jobs

l Limits

n Nothing

s Shell variables

S Signals

t Plain (``text'') files

T Plain (``text'') files which begin with the supplied path prefix

v Any variables

u Usernames

x Like n, but prints select when list-choices is used.

X Completions

$var Words from the variable var

(...) Words from the given list

... Words from the output of command

select is an optional glob-pattern. If given, words from only list that match select are considered and the fignore shell variable is ignored. The last three types of completion may not have a select pattern, and x uses select as an explanatory message when the list-choices editor command is used.

suffix is a single character to be appended to a successful completion. If null, no character is appended. If omitted (in which case the fourth delimiter can also be omitted), a slash is appended to directories and a space to other words.

command invoked from ... version has additional environment variable set, the variable name is COMMAND_LINE and contains (as its name indicates) contents of the current (already typed in) command line. One can examine and use contents of the COMMAND_LINE variable in her custom script to build more sophisticated completions (see completion for svn(1) included in this package).

Now for some examples. Some commands take only directories as arguments, so there's no point completing plain files.

> complete cd 'p/1/d/'

completes only the first word following `cd' (`p/1') with a directory. p-type completion can also be used to narrow down command completion:

> co[^D]
complete compress
> complete -co* 'p/0/(compress)/'
> co[^D]
> compress

This completion completes commands (words in position 0, `p/0') which begin with `co' (thus matching `co*') to `compress' (the only word in the list). The leading `-' indicates that this completion is to be used with only ambiguous commands.

> complete find 'n/-user/u/'

is an example of n-type completion. Any word following `find' and immediately following `-user' is completed from the list of users.

> complete cc 'c/-I/d/'

demonstrates c-type completion. Any word following `cc' and beginning with `-I' is completed as a directory. `-I' is not taken as part of the directory because we used lowercase c.

Different lists are useful with different commands.

> complete alias 'p/1/a/'
> complete man 'p/*/c/'
> complete set 'p/1/s/'
> complete true 'p/1/x:Truth has no options./'

These complete words following `alias' with aliases, `man' with commands, and `set' with shell variables. `true' doesn't have any options, so x does nothing when completion is attempted and prints `Truth has no options.' when completion choices are listed.

Note that the man example, and several other examples below, could just as well have used 'c/*' or 'n/*' as 'p/*'.

Words can be completed from a variable evaluated at completion time,

> complete ftp 'p/1/$hostnames/'
> set hostnames = (rtfm.mit.edu tesla.ee.cornell.edu)
> ftp [^D]
rtfm.mit.edu tesla.ee.cornell.edu
> ftp [^C]
> set hostnames = (rtfm.mit.edu tesla.ee.cornell.edu uunet.uu.net)
> ftp [^D]
rtfm.mit.edu tesla.ee.cornell.edu uunet.uu.net

or from a command run at completion time:

> complete kill 'p/*/ps | awk \{print\ \$1\}/'
> kill -9 [^D]
23113 23377 23380 23406 23429 23529 23530 PID

Note that the complete command does not itself quote its arguments, so the braces, space and `$' in `{print $1}' must be quoted explicitly.

One command can have multiple completions:

> complete dbx 'p/2/(core)/' 'p/*/c/'

completes the second argument to `dbx' with the word `core' and all other arguments with commands. Note that the positional completion is specified before the next-word completion. Because completions are evaluated from left to right, if the next-word completion were specified first it would always match and the positional completion would never be executed. This is a common mistake when defining a completion.

The select pattern is useful when a command takes files with only particular forms as arguments. For example,

> complete cc 'p/*/f:*.[cao]/'

completes `cc' arguments to files ending in only `.c', `.a', or `.o'. select can also exclude files, using negation of a glob-pattern as described under Filename substitution. One might use

> complete rm 'p/*/f:^*.{c,h,cc,C,tex,1,man,l,y}/'

to exclude precious source code from `rm' completion. Of course, one could still type excluded names manually or override the completion mechanism using the complete-word-raw or list-choices-raw editor commands (q.v.).

The `C', `D', `F' and `T' lists are like `c', `d', `f' and `t' respectively, but they use the select argument in a different way: to restrict completion to files beginning with a particular path prefix. For example, the Elm mail program uses `=' as an abbreviation for one's mail directory. One might use

> complete elm c@=@F:$HOME/Mail/@

to complete `elm -f =' as if it were `elm -f ~/Mail/'. Note that we used `@' instead of `/' to avoid confusion with the select argument, and we used `$HOME' instead of `~' because home directory substitution works at only the beginning of a word.

suffix is used to add a nonstandard suffix (not space or `/' for directories) to completed words.

> complete finger 'c/*@/$hostnames/' 'p/1/u/@'

completes arguments to `finger' from the list of users, appends an `@', and then completes after the `@' from the `hostnames' variable. Note again the order in which the completions are specified.

Finally, here's a complex example for inspiration:

> complete find \
amp;'n/-name/f/' 'n/-newer/f/' 'n/-{,n}cpio/f/' \
amp;n/-exec/c/' 'n/-ok/c/' 'n/-user/u/' \
amp;'n/-group/g/' 'n/-fstype/(nfs 4.2)/' \
amp;'n/-type/(b c d f l p s)/' \
c/-/(name newer cpio ncpio exec ok user \
group fstype type atime ctime depth inum \
ls mtime nogroup nouser perm print prune \
size xdev)/' \
amp;'p/*/d/'

This completes words following `-name', `-newer', `-cpio' or `ncpio' (note the pattern which matches both) to files, words following `-exec' or `-ok' to commands, words following `user' and `group' to users and groups respectively and words following `-fstype' or `-type' to members of the given lists. It also completes the switches themselves from the given list (note the use of c-type completion) and completes anything not otherwise completed to a directory. Whew.

Remember that programmed completions are ignored if the word being completed is a tilde substitution (beginning with `~') or a variable (beginning with `$'). See also the uncomplete builtin command.

continue

Continues execution of the nearest enclosing while or foreach. The rest of the commands on the current line are executed.

default:

Labels the default case in a switch statement. It should come after all case labels.

dirs [-l] [-n|-v]
dirs -S|-L [filename] (+)

dirs -c (+)

The first form prints the directory stack. The top of the stack is at the left and the first directory in the stack is the current directory. With -l, `~' or `~name' in the output is expanded explicitly to home or the pathname of the home directory for user name. (+) With -n, entries are wrapped before they reach the edge of the screen. (+) With -v, entries are printed one per line, preceded by their stack positions. (+) If more than one of -n or -v is given, -v takes precedence. -p is accepted but does nothing.

With -S, the second form saves the directory stack to filename as a series of cd and pushd commands. With -L, the shell sources filename, which is presumably a directory stack file saved by the -S option or the savedirs mechanism. In either case, dirsfile is used if filename is not given and ~/.cshdirs is used if dirsfile is unset.

Note that login shells do the equivalent of `dirs -L' on startup and, if savedirs is set, `dirs -S' before exiting. Because only ~/.tcshrc is normally sourced before ~/.cshdirs, dirsfile should be set in ~/.tcshrc rather than ~/.login.

The last form clears the directory stack.

echo [-n] word ...

Writes each word to the shell's standard output, separated by spaces and terminated with a newline. The echo_style shell variable may be set to emulate (or not) the flags and escape sequences of the BSD and/or System V versions of echo; see echo(1).

echotc [-sv] arg ... (+)

Exercises the terminal capabilities (see termcap(5)) in args. For example, 'echotc home' sends the cursor to the home position, amp;'echotc cm 3 10' sends it to column 3 and row 10, and amp;'echotc ts 0; echo "This is a test."; echotc fs' prints "This is a test." in the status line.

If arg is 'baud', 'cols', 'lines', 'meta' or 'tabs', prints the value of that capability ("yes" or "no" indicating that the terminal does or does not have that capability). One might use this to make the output from a shell script less verbose on slow terminals, or limit command output to the number of lines on the screen:

> set history=echotc lines
> @ history--

Termcap strings may contain wildcards which will not echo correctly. One should use double quotes when setting a shell variable to a terminal capability string, as in the following example that places the date in the status line:

> set tosl="echotc ts 0"
> set frsl="echotc fs"
> echo -n "$tosl";date; echo -n "$frsl"

With -s, nonexistent capabilities return the empty string rather than causing an error. With -v, messages are verbose.

else
end
endif

endsw

See the description of the foreach, if, switch, and while statements below.

eval arg ...

Treats the arguments as input to the shell and executes the resulting command(s) in the context of the current shell. This is usually used to execute commands generated as the result of command or variable substitution, because parsing occurs before these substitutions. See tset(1) for a sample use of eval.

exec command

Executes the specified command in place of the current shell.

exit [expr]

The shell exits either with the value of the specified expr (an expression, as described under Expressions) or, without expr, with the value 0.

fg [%job ...]

Brings the specified jobs (or, without arguments, the current job) into the foreground, continuing each if it is stopped. job may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `-' as described under Jobs. See also the run-fg-editor editor command.

filetest -op file ... (+)

Applies op (which is a file inquiry operator as described under File inquiry operators) to each file and returns the results as a space-separated list.

foreach name (wordlist)
amp;...

end

Successively sets the variable name to each member of wordlist and executes the sequence of commands between this command and the matching end. (Both foreach and end must appear alone on separate lines.) The builtin command continue may be used to continue the loop prematurely and the builtin command break to terminate it prematurely. When this command is read from the terminal, the loop is read once prompting with `foreach? ' (or prompt2) before any statements in the loop are executed. If you make a mistake typing in a loop at the terminal you can rub it out.

getspath (+)

Prints the system execution path. (TCF only)

getxvers (+)

Prints the experimental version prefix. (TCF only)

glob wordlist

Like echo, but the `-n' parameter is not recognized and words are delimited by null characters in the output. Useful for programs which wish to use the shell to filename expand a list of words.

goto word

word is filename and command-substituted to yield a string of the form `label'. The shell rewinds its input as much as possible, searches for a line of the form `label:', possibly preceded by blanks or tabs, and continues execution after that line.

hashstat

Prints a statistics line indicating how effective the internal hash table has been at locating commands (and avoiding exec's). An exec is attempted for each component of the path where the hash function indicates a possible hit, and in each component which does not begin with a `/'.

On machines without vfork(2), prints only the number and size of hash buckets.

history [-hTr] [n]
history -S|-L|-M [filename] (+)

history -c (+)

The first form prints the history event list. If n is given only the n most recent events are printed or saved. With -h, the history list is printed without leading numbers. If -T is specified, timestamps are printed also in comment form. (This can be used to produce files suitable for loading with 'history -L' or 'source -h'.) With -r, the order of printing is most recent first rather than oldest first.

With -S, the second form saves the history list to filename. If the first word of the savehist shell variable is set to a number, at most that many lines are saved. If the second word of savehist is set to `merge', the history list is merged with the existing history file instead of replacing it (if there is one) and sorted by time stamp. (+) Merging is intended for an environment like the X Window System with several shells in simultaneous use. If the second word of savehist is `merge' and the third word is set to `lock', the history file update will be serialized with other shell sessions that would possibly like to merge history at exactly the same time.

With -L, the shell appends filename, which is presumably a history list saved by the -S option or the savehist mechanism, to the history list. -M is like -L, but the contents of filename are merged into the history list and sorted by timestamp. In either case, histfile is used if filename is not given and ~/.history is used if histfile is unset. `history -L' is exactly like 'source -h' except that it does not require a filename.

Note that login shells do the equivalent of `history -L' on startup and, if savehist is set, `history -S' before exiting. Because only ~/.tcshrc is normally sourced before ~/.history, histfile should be set in ~/.tcshrc rather than ~/.login.

If histlit is set, the first and second forms print and save the literal (unexpanded) form of the history list.

The last form clears the history list.

hup [command] (+)

With command, runs command such that it will exit on a hangup signal and arranges for the shell to send it a hangup signal when the shell exits. Note that commands may set their own response to hangups, overriding hup. Without an argument, causes the non-interactive shell only to exit on a hangup for the remainder of the script. See also Signal handling and the nohup builtin command.

if (expr) command

If expr (an expression, as described under Expressions) evaluates true, then command is executed. Variable substitution on command happens early, at the same time it does for the rest of the if command. command must be a simple command, not an alias, a pipeline, a command list or a parenthesized command list, but it may have arguments. Input/output redirection occurs even if expr is false and command is thus not executed; this is a bug.

if (expr) then
amp;...
else if (expr2) then
amp;...
else
amp;...

endif

If the specified expr is true then the commands to the first else are executed; otherwise if expr2 is true then the commands to the second else are executed, etc. Any number of else-if pairs are possible; only one endif is needed. The else part is likewise optional. (The words else and endif must appear at the beginning of input lines; the if must appear alone on its input line or after an else.)

inlib shared-library ... (+)

Adds each shared-library to the current environment. There is no way to remove a shared library. (Domain/OS only)

jobs [-l]

Lists the active jobs. With -l, lists process IDs in addition to the normal information. On TCF systems, prints the site on which each job is executing.

kill [-s signal] %job|pid ...

kill -l

The first and second forms sends the specified signal (or, if none is given, the TERM (terminate) signal) to the specified jobs or processes. job may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `-' as described under Jobs. Signals are either given by number or by name (as given in /usr/include/signal.h, stripped of the prefix `SIG'). There is no default job; saying just `kill' does not send a signal to the current job. If the signal being sent is TERM (terminate) or HUP (hangup), then the job or process is sent a CONT (continue) signal as well. The third form lists the signal names.

limit [-h] [resource [maximum-use]]

Limits the consumption by the current process and each process it creates to not individually exceed maximum-use on the specified resource. If no maximum-use is given, then the current limit is printed; if no resource is given, then all limitations are given. If the -h flag is given, the hard limits are used instead of the current limits. The hard limits impose a ceiling on the values of the current limits. Only the super-user may raise the hard limits, but a user may lower or raise the current limits within the legal range.

Controllable resources currently include (if supported by the OS):

cputime

the maximum number of cpu-seconds to be used by each process

filesize

the largest single file which can be created

datasize

the maximum growth of the data+stack region via sbrk(2) beyond the end of the program text

stacksize

the maximum size of the automatically-extended stack region

coredumpsize

the size of the largest core dump that will be created

memoryuse

the maximum amount of physical memory a process may have allocated to it at a given time

vmemoryuse

the maximum amount of virtual memory a process may have allocated to it at a given time (address space)

vmemoryuse

the maximum amount of virtual memory a process may have allocated to it at a given time

heapsize

the maximum amount of memory a process may allocate per brk() system call

descriptors or openfiles

the maximum number of open files for this process

pseudoterminals

the maximum number of pseudo-terminals for this user

kqueues

the maximum number of kqueues allocated for this process

concurrency

the maximum number of threads for this process

memorylocked

the maximum size which a process may lock into memory using mlock(2)

maxproc

the maximum number of simultaneous processes for this user id

maxthread

the maximum number of simultaneous threads (lightweight processes) for this user id

threads

the maximum number of threads for this process

sbsize the maximum size of socket buffer usage for this user

swapsize

the maximum amount of swap space reserved or used for this user

maxlocks

the maximum number of locks for this user

posixlocks

the maximum number of POSIX advisory locks for this user

maxsignal

the maximum number of pending signals for this user

maxmessage

the maximum number of bytes in POSIX mqueues for this user

maxnice

the maximum nice priority the user is allowed to raise mapped from [19...-20] to [0...39] for this user

maxrtprio

the maximum realtime priority for this user maxrttime the timeout for RT tasks in microseconds for this user.

maximum-use may be given as a (floating point or integer) number followed by a scale factor. For all limits other than cputime the default scale is `k' or `kilobytes' (1024 bytes); a scale factor of `m' or `megabytes' or `g' or `gigabytes' may also be used. For cputime the default scaling is `seconds', while `m' for minutes or `h' for hours, or a time of the form `mm:ss' giving minutes and seconds may be used.

If maximum-use is `unlimited', then the limitation on the specified resource is removed (this is equivalent to the unlimit builtin command).

For both resource names and scale factors, unambiguous prefixes of the names suffice.

log (+)

Prints the watch shell variable and reports on each user indicated in watch who is logged in, regardless of when they last logged in. See also watchlog.

login

Terminates a login shell, replacing it with an instance of /bin/login. This is one way to log off, included for compatibility with sh(1).

logout

Terminates a login shell. Especially useful if ignoreeof is set.

ls-F [-switch ...] [file ...] (+)

Lists files like `ls -F', but much faster. It identifies each type of special file in the listing with a special character:

/ Directory

* Executable

# Block device

% Character device

| Named pipe (systems with named pipes only)

= Socket (systems with sockets only)

@ Symbolic link (systems with symbolic links only)

+ Hidden directory (AIX only) or context dependent (HP/UX only)

: Network special (HP/UX only)

If the listlinks shell variable is set, symbolic links are identified in more detail (on only systems that have them, of course):

@ Symbolic link to a non-directory

> Symbolic link to a directory

& Symbolic link to nowhere

listlinks also slows down ls-F and causes partitions holding files pointed to by symbolic links to be mounted.

If the listflags shell variable is set to `x', `a' or `A', or any combination thereof (e.g., `xA'), they are used as flags to ls-F, making it act like `ls -xF', `ls -Fa', `ls -FA' or a combination (e.g., `ls -FxA'). On machines where `ls -C' is not the default, ls-F acts like `ls -CF', unless listflags contains an `x', in which case it acts like `ls -xF'. ls-F passes its arguments to ls(1) if it is given any switches, so `alias ls ls-F' generally does the right thing.

The ls-F builtin can list files using different colors depending on the filetype or extension. See the color shell variable and the LS_COLORS environment variable.

migrate [-site] pid|%jobid ... (+)

migrate -site (+)

The first form migrates the process or job to the site specified or the default site determined by the system path. The second form is equivalent to `migrate -site $$': it migrates the current process to the specified site. Migrating the shell itself can cause unexpected behavior, because the shell does not like to lose its tty. (TCF only)

newgrp [-] [group] (+)

Equivalent to `exec newgrp'; see newgrp(1). Available only if the shell was so compiled; see the version shell variable.

nice [+number] [command]

Sets the scheduling priority for the shell to number, or, without number, to 4. With command, runs command at the appropriate priority. The greater the number, the less cpu the process gets. The super-user may specify negative priority by using `nice -number ...'. Command is always executed in a sub-shell, and the restrictions placed on commands in simple if statements apply.

nohup [command]

With command, runs command such that it will ignore hangup signals. Note that commands may set their own response to hangups, overriding nohup. Without an argument, causes the non-interactive shell only to ignore hangups for the remainder of the script. See also Signal handling and the hup builtin command.

notify [%job ...]

Causes the shell to notify the user asynchronously when the status of any of the specified jobs (or, without %job, the current job) changes, instead of waiting until the next prompt as is usual. job may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `-' as described under Jobs. See also the notify shell variable.

onintr [-|label]

Controls the action of the shell on interrupts. Without arguments, restores the default action of the shell on interrupts, which is to terminate shell scripts or to return to the terminal command input level. With `-', causes all interrupts to be ignored. With label, causes the shell to execute a `goto label' when an interrupt is received or a child process terminates because it was interrupted.

onintr is ignored if the shell is running detached and in system startup files (see FILES), where interrupts are disabled anyway.

popd [-p] [-l] [-n|-v] [+n]

Without arguments, pops the directory stack and returns to the new top directory. With a number `+n', discards the n'th entry in the stack.

Finally, all forms of popd print the final directory stack, just like dirs. The pushdsilent shell variable can be set to prevent this and the -p flag can be given to override pushdsilent. The -l, -n and -v flags have the same effect on popd as on dirs. (+)

printenv [name] (+)

Prints the names and values of all environment variables or, with name, the value of the environment variable name.

pushd [-p] [-l] [-n|-v] [name|+n]

Without arguments, exchanges the top two elements of the directory stack. If pushdtohome is set, pushd without arguments does `pushd ~', like cd. (+) With name, pushes the current working directory onto the directory stack and changes to name. If name is `-' it is interpreted as the previous working directory (see Filename substitution). (+) If dunique is set, pushd removes any instances of name from the stack before pushing it onto the stack. (+) With a number `+n', rotates the nth element of the directory stack around to be the top element and changes to it. If dextract is set, however, `pushd +n' extracts the nth directory, pushes it onto the top of the stack and changes to it. (+)

Finally, all forms of pushd print the final directory stack, just like dirs. The pushdsilent shell variable can be set to prevent this and the -p flag can be given to override pushdsilent. The -l, -n and -v flags have the same effect on pushd as on dirs. (+)

rehash

Causes the internal hash table of the contents of the directories in the path variable to be recomputed. This is needed if the autorehash shell variable is not set and new commands are added to directories in path while you are logged in. With autorehash, a new command will be found automatically, except in the special case where another command of the same name which is located in a different directory already exists in the hash table. Also flushes the cache of home directories built by tilde expansion.

repeat count command

The specified command, which is subject to the same restrictions as the command in the one line if statement above, is executed count times. I/O redirections occur exactly once, even if count is 0.

rootnode //nodename (+)

Changes the rootnode to //nodename, so that `/' will be interpreted as `//nodename'. (Domain/OS only)

sched (+)
sched [+]hh:mm command (+)

sched -n (+)

The first form prints the scheduled-event list. The sched shell variable may be set to define the format in which the scheduled-event list is printed. The second form adds command to the scheduled-event list. For example,

> sched 11:00 echo It\'s eleven o\'clock.

causes the shell to echo `It's eleven o'clock.' at 11 AM. The time may be in 12-hour AM/PM format

> sched 5pm set prompt='[%h] It\'s after 5; go home: >'

or may be relative to the current time:

> sched +2:15 /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -sother

A relative time specification may not use AM/PM format. The third form removes item n from the event list:

> sched
1 Wed Apr 4 15:42 /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -sother
2 Wed Apr 4 17:00 set prompt=[%h] It's after 5; go home: >
> sched -2
> sched
1 Wed Apr 4 15:42 /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -sother

A command in the scheduled-event list is executed just before the first prompt is printed after the time when the command is scheduled. It is possible to miss the exact time when the command is to be run, but an overdue command will execute at the next prompt. A command which comes due while the shell is waiting for user input is executed immediately. However, normal operation of an already-running command will not be interrupted so that a scheduled-event list element may be run.

This mechanism is similar to, but not the same as, the at(1) command on some Unix systems. Its major disadvantage is that it may not run a command at exactly the specified time. Its major advantage is that because sched runs directly from the shell, it has access to shell variables and other structures. This provides a mechanism for changing one's working environment based on the time of day.

set
set name ...
set name=word ...
set [-r] [-f|-l] name=(wordlist) ... (+)
set name[index]=word ...
set -r (+)
set -r name ... (+)

set -r name=word ... (+)

The first form of the command prints the value of all shell variables. Variables which contain more than a single word print as a parenthesized word list. The second form sets name to the null string. The third form sets name to the single word. The fourth form sets name to the list of words in wordlist. In all cases the value is command and filename expanded. If -r is specified, the value is set read-only. If -f or -l are specified, set only unique words keeping their order. -f prefers the first occurrence of a word, and -l the last. The fifth form sets the index'th component of name to word; this component must already exist. The sixth form lists only the names of all shell variables that are read-only. The seventh form makes name read-only, whether or not it has a value. The eighth form is the same as the third form, but make name read-only at the same time.

These arguments can be repeated to set and/or make read-only multiple variables in a single set command. Note, however, that variable expansion happens for all arguments before any setting occurs. Note also that `=' can be adjacent to both name and word or separated from both by whitespace, but cannot be adjacent to only one or the other. See also the unset builtin command.

setenv [name [value]]

Without arguments, prints the names and values of all environment variables. Given name, sets the environment variable name to value or, without value, to the null string.

setpath path (+)

Equivalent to setpath(1). (Mach only)

setspath LOCAL|site|cpu ... (+)

Sets the system execution path. (TCF only)

settc cap value (+)

Tells the shell to believe that the terminal capability cap (as defined in termcap(5)) has the value value. No sanity checking is done. Concept terminal users may have to `settc xn no' to get proper wrapping at the rightmost column.

setty [-d|-q|-x] [-a] [[+|-]mode] (+)

Controls which tty modes (see Terminal management) the shell does not allow to change. -d, -q or -x tells setty to act on the `edit', `quote' or `execute' set of tty modes respectively; without -d, -q or -x, `execute' is used.

Without other arguments, setty lists the modes in the chosen set which are fixed on (`+mode') or off (`-mode'). The available modes, and thus the display, vary from system to system. With -a, lists all tty modes in the chosen set whether or not they are fixed. With +mode, -mode or mode, fixes mode on or off or removes control from mode in the chosen set. For example, `setty +echok echoe' fixes `echok' mode on and allows commands to turn `echoe' mode on or off, both when the shell is executing commands.

setxvers [string] (+)

Set the experimental version prefix to string, or removes it if string is omitted. (TCF only)

shift [variable]

Without arguments, discards argv[1] and shifts the members of argv to the left. It is an error for argv not to be set or to have less than one word as value. With variable, performs the same function on variable.

source [-h] name [args ...]

The shell reads and executes commands from name. The commands are not placed on the history list. If any args are given, they are placed in argv. (+) source commands may be nested; if they are nested too deeply the shell may run out of file descriptors. An error in a source at any level terminates all nested source commands. With -h, commands are placed on the history list instead of being executed, much like `history -L'.

stop %job|pid ...

Stops the specified jobs or processes which are executing in the background. job may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `-' as described under Jobs. There is no default job; saying just `stop' does not stop the current job.

suspend

Causes the shell to stop in its tracks, much as if it had been sent a stop signal with ^Z. This is most often used to stop shells started by su(1).

switch (string)
case str1:

amp;...
breaksw

amp;...

default:

amp;...
breaksw

endsw Each case label is successively matched, against the specified string which is first command and filename expanded. The file metacharacters `*', `?' and `[...]' may be used in the case labels, which are variable expanded. If none of the labels match before a `default' label is found, then the execution begins after the default label. Each case label and the default label must appear at the beginning of a line. The command breaksw causes execution to continue after the endsw. Otherwise control may fall through case labels and default labels as in C. If no label matches and there is no default, execution continues after the endsw.

telltc (+)

Lists the values of all terminal capabilities (see termcap(5)).

termname [terminal type] (+)

Tests if terminal type (or the current value of TERM if no terminal type is given) has an entry in the hosts termcap(5) or terminfo(5) database. Prints the terminal type to stdout and returns 0 if an entry is present otherwise returns 1.

time [command]

Executes command (which must be a simple command, not an alias, a pipeline, a command list or a parenthesized command list) and prints a time summary as described under the time variable. If necessary, an extra shell is created to print the time statistic when the command completes. Without command, prints a time summary for the current shell and its children.

umask [value]

Sets the file creation mask to value, which is given in octal. Common values for the mask are 002, giving all access to the group and read and execute access to others, and 022, giving read and execute access to the group and others. Without value, prints the current file creation mask.

unalias pattern

Removes all aliases whose names match pattern. `unalias *' thus removes all aliases. It is not an error for nothing to be unaliased.

uncomplete pattern (+)

Removes all completions whose names match pattern. `uncomplete *' thus removes all completions. It is not an error for nothing to be uncompleted.

unhash Disables use of the internal hash table to speed location of executed programs.

universe universe (+)

Sets the universe to universe. (Masscomp/RTU only)

unlimit [-hf] [resource]

Removes the limitation on resource or, if no resource is specified, all resource limitations. With -h, the corresponding hard limits are removed. Only the super-user may do this. Note that unlimit may not exit successful, since most systems do not allow descriptors to be unlimited. With -f errors are ignored.

unset pattern

Removes all variables whose names match pattern, unless they are read-only. `unset *' thus removes all variables unless they are read-only; this is a bad idea. It is not an error for nothing to be unset.

unsetenv pattern

Removes all environment variables whose names match pattern. `unsetenv *' thus removes all environment variables; this is a bad idea. It is not an error for nothing to be unsetenved.

ver [systype [command]] (+)

Without arguments, prints SYSTYPE. With systype, sets SYSTYPE to systype. With systype and command, executes command under systype. systype may be `bsd4.3' or `sys5.3'. (Domain/OS only)

wait The shell waits for all background jobs. If the shell is interactive, an interrupt will disrupt the wait and cause the shell to print the names and job numbers of all outstanding jobs.

warp universe (+)

Sets the universe to universe. (Convex/OS only)

watchlog (+)

An alternate name for the log builtin command (q.v.). Available only if the shell was so compiled; see the version shell variable.

where command (+)

Reports all known instances of command, including aliases, builtins and executables in path.

which command (+)

Displays the command that will be executed by the shell after substitutions, path searching, etc. The builtin command is just like which(1), but it correctly reports tcsh aliases and builtins and is 10 to 100 times faster. See also the which-command editor command.

while (expr)
amp;...

end Executes the commands between the while and the matching end while expr (an expression, as described under Expressions) evaluates non-zero. while and end must appear alone on their input lines. break and continue may be used to terminate or continue the loop prematurely. If the input is a terminal, the user is prompted the first time through the loop as with foreach.

The variables described in this section have special meaning to the shell.

The shell sets addsuffix, argv, autologout, csubstnonl, command, echo_style, edit, gid, group, home, loginsh, oid, path, prompt, prompt2, prompt3, shell, shlvl, tcsh, term, tty, uid, user and version at startup; they do not change thereafter unless changed by the user. The shell updates cwd, dirstack, owd and status when necessary, and sets logout on logout.

The shell synchronizes group, home, path, shlvl, term and user with the environment variables of the same names: whenever the environment variable changes the shell changes the corresponding shell variable to match (unless the shell variable is read-only) and vice versa. Note that although cwd and PWD have identical meanings, they are not synchronized in this manner, and that the shell automatically converts between the different formats of path and PATH.

addsuffix (+)

If set, filename completion adds `/' to the end of directories and a space to the end of normal files when they are matched exactly. Set by default.

afsuser (+)

If set, autologout's autolock feature uses its value instead of the local username for kerberos authentication.

ampm (+) If set, all times are shown in 12-hour AM/PM format.

anyerror (+)

This variable selects what is propagated to the value of the status variable. For more information see the description of the status variable below.

argv The arguments to the shell. Positional parameters are taken from argv, i.e., `$1' is replaced by `$argv[1]', etc. Set by default, but usually empty in interactive shells.

autocorrect (+)

If set, the spell-word editor command is invoked automatically before each completion attempt.

autoexpand (+)

If set, the expand-history editor command is invoked automatically before each completion attempt. If this is set to onlyhistory, then only history will be expanded and a second completion will expand filenames.

autolist (+)

If set, possibilities are listed after an ambiguous completion. If set to `ambiguous', possibilities are listed only when no new characters are added by completion.

autologout (+)

The first word is the number of minutes of inactivity before automatic logout. The optional second word is the number of minutes of inactivity before automatic locking. When the shell automatically logs out, it prints `auto-logout', sets the variable logout to `automatic' and exits. When the shell automatically locks, the user is required to enter his password to continue working. Five incorrect attempts result in automatic logout. Set to `60' (automatic logout after 60 minutes, and no locking) by default in login and superuser shells, but not if the shell thinks it is running under a window system (i.e., the DISPLAY environment variable is set), the tty is a pseudo-tty (pty) or the shell was not so compiled (see the version shell variable). Unset or set to `0' to disable automatic logout. See also the afsuser and logout shell variables.

autorehash (+)

If set, the internal hash table of the contents of the directories in the path variable will be recomputed if a command is not found in the hash table. In addition, the list of available commands will be rebuilt for each command completion or spelling correction attempt if set to `complete' or `correct' respectively; if set to `always', this will be done for both cases.

backslash_quote (+)

If set, backslashes (`\') always quote `\', `'', and `"'. This may make complex quoting tasks easier, but it can cause syntax errors in csh(1) scripts.

catalog The file name of the message catalog. If set, tcsh use `tcsh.${catalog}' as a message catalog instead of default `tcsh'.

cdpath A list of directories in which cd should search for subdirectories if they aren't found in the current directory.

cdtohome (+)

If not set, cd requires a directory name, and will not go to the home directory if it's omitted. This is set by default.

color If set, it enables color display for the builtin ls-F and it passes --color=auto to ls. Alternatively, it can be set to only ls-F or only ls to enable color to only one command. Setting it to nothing is equivalent to setting it to (ls-F ls).

colorcat If set, it enables color escape sequence for NLS message files. And display colorful NLS messages.

command (+)

If set, the command which was passed to the shell with the -c flag (q.v.).

compat_expr (+)

If set, the shell will evaluate expressions right to left, like the original csh.

complete (+)

If set to `igncase', the completion becomes case insensitive. If set to `enhance', completion ignores case and considers hyphens and underscores to be equivalent; it will also treat periods, hyphens and underscores (`.', `-' and `_') as word separators. If set to `Enhance', completion matches uppercase and underscore characters explicitly and matches lowercase and hyphens in a case-insensitive manner; it will treat periods, hyphens and underscores as word separators.

continue (+)

If set to a list of commands, the shell will continue the listed commands, instead of starting a new one.

continue_args (+)

Same as continue, but the shell will execute:

echo pwd $argv > ~/.<cmd>_pause; %<cmd>

correct (+)

If set to `cmd', commands are automatically spelling-corrected. If set to `complete', commands are automatically completed. If set to `all', the entire command line is corrected.

csubstnonl (+)

If set, newlines and carriage returns in command substitution are replaced by spaces. Set by default.

cwd The full pathname of the current directory. See also the dirstack and owd shell variables.

dextract (+)

If set, `pushd +n' extracts the nth directory from the directory stack rather than rotating it to the top.

dirsfile (+)

The default location in which `dirs -S' and `dirs -L' look for a history file. If unset, ~/.cshdirs is used. Because only ~/.tcshrc is normally sourced before ~/.cshdirs, dirsfile should be set in ~/.tcshrc rather than ~/.login.

dirstack (+)

An array of all the directories on the directory stack. `$dirstack[1]' is the current working directory, `$dirstack[2]' the first directory on the stack, etc. Note that the current working directory is `$dirstack[1]' but `=0' in directory stack substitutions, etc. One can change the stack arbitrarily by setting dirstack, but the first element (the current working directory) is always correct. See also the cwd and owd shell variables.

dspmbyte (+)

Has an effect iff 'dspm' is listed as part of the version shell variable. If set to `euc', it enables display and editing EUC-kanji(Japanese) code. If set to `sjis', it enables display and editing Shift-JIS(Japanese) code. If set to `big5', it enables display and editing Big5(Chinese) code. If set to `utf8', it enables display and editing Utf8(Unicode) code. If set to the following format, it enables display and editing of original multi-byte code format:

> set dspmbyte = 0000....(256 bytes)....0000

The table requires just 256 bytes. Each character of 256 characters corresponds (from left to right) to the ASCII codes 0x00, 0x01, ... 0xff. Each character is set to number 0,1,2 and 3. Each number has the following meaning:
0 ... not used for multi-byte characters.
1 ... used for the first byte of a multi-byte character.
2 ... used for the second byte of a multi-byte character.
3 ... used for both the first byte and second byte of a multi-byte character.
Example:
If set to `001322', the first character (means 0x00 of the ASCII code) and second character (means 0x01 of ASCII code) are set to `0'. Then, it is not used for multi-byte characters. The 3rd character (0x02) is set to '1', indicating that it is used for the first byte of a multi-byte character. The 4th character(0x03) is set '3'. It is used for both the first byte and the second byte of a multi-byte character. The 5th and 6th characters (0x04,0x05) are set to '2', indicating that they are used for the second byte of a multi-byte character.
The GNU fileutils version of ls cannot display multi-byte filenames without the -N ( --literal ) option. If you are using this version, set the second word of dspmbyte to "ls". If not, for example, "ls-F -l" cannot display multi-byte filenames.
Note:
This variable can only be used if KANJI and DSPMBYTE has been defined at compile time.

dunique (+)

If set, pushd removes any instances of name from the stack before pushing it onto the stack.

echo If set, each command with its arguments is echoed just before it is executed. For non-builtin commands all expansions occur before echoing. Builtin commands are echoed before command and filename substitution, because these substitutions are then done selectively. Set by the -x command line option.

echo_style (+)

The style of the echo builtin. May be set to

bsd Don't echo a newline if the first argument is `-n'; the default for csh.

sysv Recognize backslashed escape sequences in echo strings.

both Recognize both the `-n' flag and backslashed escape sequences; the default for tcsh.

none Recognize neither.

Set by default to the local system default. The BSD and System V options are described in the echo(1) man pages on the appropriate systems.

edit (+) If set, the command-line editor is used. Set by default in interactive shells.

editors (+)

A list of command names for the run-fg-editor editor command to match. If not set, the EDITOR (`ed' if unset) and VISUAL (`vi' if unset) environment variables will be used instead.

ellipsis (+)

If set, the `%c'/`%.' and `%C' prompt sequences (see the prompt shell variable) indicate skipped directories with an ellipsis (`...') instead of `/<skipped>'.

euid (+) The user's effective user ID.

euser (+) The first matching passwd entry name corresponding to the effective user ID.

fignore (+)

Lists file name suffixes to be ignored by completion.

filec In tcsh, completion is always used and this variable is ignored by default. If edit is unset, then the traditional csh completion is used. If set in csh, filename completion is used.

gid (+) The user's real group ID.

globdot (+)

If set, wild-card glob patterns will match files and directories beginning with `.' except for `.' and `..'

globstar (+)

If set, the `**' and `***' file glob patterns will match any string of characters including `/' traversing any existing sub-directories. (e.g. `ls **.c' will list all the .c files in the current directory tree). If used by itself, it will match zero or more sub-directories (e.g. `ls /usr/include/**/time.h' will list any file named `time.h' in the /usr/include directory tree; whereas `ls /usr/include/**time.h' will match any file in the /usr/include directory tree ending in `time.h'). To prevent problems with recursion, the `**' glob-pattern will not descend into a symbolic link containing a directory. To override this, use `***'

group (+) The user's group name.

highlight

If set, the incremental search match (in i-search-back and i-search-fwd) and the region between the mark and the cursor are highlighted in reverse video.

Highlighting requires more frequent terminal writes, which introduces extra overhead. If you care about terminal performance, you may want to leave this unset.

histchars

A string value determining the characters used in History substitution (q.v.). The first character of its value is used as the history substitution character, replacing the default character `!'. The second character of its value replaces the character `^' in quick substitutions.

histdup (+)

Controls handling of duplicate entries in the history list. If set to `all' only unique history events are entered in the history list. If set to `prev' and the last history event is the same as the current command, then the current command is not entered in the history. If set to `erase' and the same event is found in the history list, that old event gets erased and the current one gets inserted. Note that the `prev' and `all' options renumber history events so there are no gaps.

histfile (+)

The default location in which `history -S' and `history -L' look for a history file. If unset, ~/.history is used. histfile is useful when sharing the same home directory between different machines, or when saving separate histories on different terminals. Because only ~/.tcshrc is normally sourced before ~/.history, histfile should be set in ~/.tcshrc rather than ~/.login.

histlit (+)

If set, builtin and editor commands and the savehist mechanism use the literal (unexpanded) form of lines in the history list. See also the toggle-literal-history editor command.

history The first word indicates the number of history events to save. The optional second word (+) indicates the format in which history is printed; if not given, `%h\t%T\t%R\n' is used. The format sequences are described below under prompt; note the variable meaning of `%R'. Set to `100' by default.

home Initialized to the home directory of the invoker. The filename expansion of `~' refers to this variable.

ignoreeof

If set to the empty string or `0' and the input device is a terminal, the end-of-file command (usually generated by the user by typing `^D' on an empty line) causes the shell to print `Use "exit" to leave tcsh.' instead of exiting. This prevents the shell from accidentally being killed. Historically this setting exited after 26 successive EOF's to avoid infinite loops. If set to a number n, the shell ignores n - 1 consecutive end-of-files and exits on the nth. (+) If unset, `1' is used, i.e., the shell exits on a single `^D'.

implicitcd (+)

If set, the shell treats a directory name typed as a command as though it were a request to change to that directory. If set to verbose, the change of directory is echoed to the standard output. This behavior is inhibited in non-interactive shell scripts, or for command strings with more than one word. Changing directory takes precedence over executing a like-named command, but it is done after alias substitutions. Tilde and variable expansions work as expected.

inputmode (+)

If set to `insert' or `overwrite', puts the editor into that input mode at the beginning of each line.

killdup (+)

Controls handling of duplicate entries in the kill ring. If set to `all' only unique strings are entered in the kill ring. If set to `prev' and the last killed string is the same as the current killed string, then the current string is not entered in the ring. If set to `erase' and the same string is found in the kill ring, the old string is erased and the current one is inserted.

killring (+)

Indicates the number of killed strings to keep in memory. Set to `30' by default. If unset or set to less than `2', the shell will only keep the most recently killed string. Strings are put in the killring by the editor commands that delete (kill) strings of text, e.g. backward-delete-word, kill-line, etc, as well as the copy-region-as-kill command. The yank editor command will yank the most recently killed string into the command-line, while yank-pop (see Editor commands) can be used to yank earlier killed strings.

listflags (+)

If set to `x', `a' or `A', or any combination thereof (e.g., `xA'), they are used as flags to ls-F, making it act like `ls -xF', `ls -Fa', `ls -FA' or a combination (e.g., `ls -FxA'): `a' shows all files (even if they start with a `.'), `A' shows all files but `.' and `..', and `x' sorts across instead of down. If the second word of listflags is set, it is used as the path to `ls(1)'.

listjobs (+)

If set, all jobs are listed when a job is suspended. If set to `long', the listing is in long format.

listlinks (+)

If set, the ls-F builtin command shows the type of file to which each symbolic link points.

listmax (+)

The maximum number of items which the list-choices editor command will list without asking first.

listmaxrows (+)

The maximum number of rows of items which the list-choices editor command will list without asking first.

loginsh (+)

Set by the shell if it is a login shell. Setting or unsetting it within a shell has no effect. See also shlvl.

logout (+)

Set by the shell to `normal' before a normal logout, `automatic' before an automatic logout, and `hangup' if the shell was killed by a hangup signal (see Signal handling). See also the autologout shell variable.

mail A list of files and directories to check for incoming mail, optionally preceded by a numeric word. Before each prompt, if 10 minutes have passed since the last check, the shell checks each file and says `You have new mail.' (or, if mail contains multiple files, `You have new mail in name.') if the filesize is greater than zero in size and has a modification time greater than its access time.

If you are in a login shell, then no mail file is reported unless it has been modified after the time the shell has started up, to prevent redundant notifications. Most login programs will tell you whether or not you have mail when you log in.
If a file specified in mail is a directory, the shell will count each file within that directory as a separate message, and will report `You have n mails.' or `You have n mails in name.' as appropriate. This functionality is provided primarily for those systems which store mail in this manner, such as the Andrew Mail System.
If the first word of mail is numeric it is taken as a different mail checking interval, in seconds.
Under very rare circumstances, the shell may report `You have mail.' instead of `You have new mail.'

matchbeep (+)

If set to `never', completion never beeps. If set to `nomatch', it beeps only when there is no match. If set to `ambiguous', it beeps when there are multiple matches. If set to `notunique', it beeps when there is one exact and other longer matches. If unset, `ambiguous' is used.

nobeep (+)

If set, beeping is completely disabled. See also visiblebell.

noclobber

If set, restrictions are placed on output redirection to insure that files are not accidentally destroyed and that `>>' redirections refer to existing files, as described in the Input/output section.

noding If set, disable the printing of `DING!' in the prompt time specifiers at the change of hour.

noglob If set, Filename substitution and Directory stack substitution (q.v.) are inhibited. This is most useful in shell scripts which do not deal with filenames, or after a list of filenames has been obtained and further expansions are not desirable.

nokanji (+)

If set and the shell supports Kanji (see the version shell variable), it is disabled so that the meta key can be used.

nonomatch

If set, a Filename substitution or Directory stack substitution (q.v.) which does not match any existing files is left untouched rather than causing an error. It is still an error for the substitution to be malformed, e.g., `echo [' still gives an error.

nostat (+)

A list of directories (or glob-patterns which match directories; see Filename substitution) that should not be stat(2)ed during a completion operation. This is usually used to exclude directories which take too much time to stat(2), for example /afs.

notify If set, the shell announces job completions asynchronously. The default is to present job completions just before printing a prompt.

oid (+) The user's real organization ID. (Domain/OS only)

owd (+) The old working directory, equivalent to the `-' used by cd and pushd. See also the cwd and dirstack shell variables.

padhour If set, enable the printing of padding '0' for hours, in 24 and 12 hour formats. E.G.: 07:45:42 vs. 7:45:42.

parseoctal

To retain compatibily with older versions numeric variables starting with 0 are not interpreted as octal. Setting this variable enables proper octal parsing.

path A list of directories in which to look for executable commands. A null word specifies the current directory. If there is no path variable then only full path names will execute. path is set by the shell at startup from the PATH environment variable or, if PATH does not exist, to a system-dependent default something like `(/usr/local/bin /usr/bsd /bin /usr/bin .)'. The shell may put `.' first or last in path or omit it entirely depending on how it was compiled; see the version shell variable. A shell which is given neither the -c nor the -t option hashes the contents of the directories in path after reading ~/.tcshrc and each time path is reset. If one adds a new command to a directory in path while the shell is active, one may need to do a rehash for the shell to find it.

printexitvalue (+)

If set and an interactive program exits with a non-zero status, the shell prints `Exit status'.

prompt The string which is printed before reading each command from the terminal. prompt may include any of the following formatting sequences (+), which are replaced by the given information:

%/ The current working directory.

%~ The current working directory, but with one's home directory represented by `~' and other users' home directories represented by `~user' as per Filename substitution. `~user' substitution happens only if the shell has already used `~user' in a pathname in the current session.

%c[[0]n], %.[[0]n]

The trailing component of the current working directory, or n trailing components if a digit n is given. If n begins with `0', the number of skipped components precede the trailing component(s) in the format `/<skipped>trailing'. If the ellipsis shell variable is set, skipped components are represented by an ellipsis so the whole becomes `...trailing'. `~' substitution is done as in `%~' above, but the `~' component is ignored when counting trailing components.

%C Like %c, but without `~' substitution.

%h, %!, !

The current history event number.

%M The full hostname.

%m The hostname up to the first `.'.

%S (%s)

Start (stop) standout mode.

%B (%b)

Start (stop) boldfacing mode.

%U (%u)

Start (stop) underline mode.

%t, %@

The time of day in 12-hour AM/PM format.

%T Like `%t', but in 24-hour format (but see the ampm shell variable).

%p The `precise' time of day in 12-hour AM/PM format, with seconds.

%P Like `%p', but in 24-hour format (but see the ampm shell variable).

\c c is parsed as in bindkey.

^c c is parsed as in bindkey.

%% A single `%'.

%n The user name.

%N The effective user name.

%j The number of jobs.

%d The weekday in `Day' format.

%D The day in `dd' format.

%w The month in `Mon' format.

%W The month in `mm' format.

%y The year in `yy' format.

%Y The year in `yyyy' format.

%l The shell's tty.

%L Clears from the end of the prompt to end of the display or the end of the line.

%$ Expands the shell or environment variable name immediately after the `$'.

%# `>' (or the first character of the promptchars shell variable) for normal users, `#' (or the second character of promptchars) for the superuser.

%{string%}

Includes string as a literal escape sequence. It should be used only to change terminal attributes and should not move the cursor location. This cannot be the last sequence in prompt.

%? The return code of the command executed just before the prompt.

%R In prompt2, the status of the parser. In prompt3, the corrected string. In history, the history string.

`%B', `%S', `%U' and `%{string%}' are available in only eight-bit-clean shells; see the version shell variable.
The bold, standout and underline sequences are often used to distinguish a superuser shell. For example,

> set prompt = "%m [%h] %B[%@]%b [%/] you rang? "
tut [37] [2:54pm] [/usr/accts/sys] you rang? _

If `%t', `%@', `%T', `%p', or `%P' is used, and noding is not set, then print `DING!' on the change of hour (i.e, `:00' minutes) instead of the actual time.
Set by default to `%# ' in interactive shells.

prompt2 (+)

The string with which to prompt in while and foreach loops and after lines ending in `\'. The same format sequences may be used as in prompt (q.v.); note the variable meaning of `%R'. Set by default to `%R? ' in interactive shells.

prompt3 (+)

The string with which to prompt when confirming automatic spelling correction. The same format sequences may be used as in prompt (q.v.); note the variable meaning of `%R'. Set by default to `CORRECT>%R (y|n|e|a)? ' in interactive shells.

promptchars (+)

If set (to a two-character string), the `%#' formatting sequence in the prompt shell variable is replaced with the first character for normal users and the second character for the superuser.

pushdtohome (+)

If set, pushd without arguments does `pushd ~', like cd.

pushdsilent (+)

If set, pushd and popd do not print the directory stack.

recexact (+)

If set, completion completes on an exact match even if a longer match is possible.

recognize_only_executables (+)

If set, command listing displays only files in the path that are executable. Slow.

rmstar (+)

If set, the user is prompted before `rm *' is executed.

rprompt (+)

The string to print on the right-hand side of the screen (after the command input) when the prompt is being displayed on the left. It recognizes the same formatting characters as prompt. It will automatically disappear and reappear as necessary, to ensure that command input isn't obscured, and will appear only if the prompt, command input, and itself will fit together on the first line. If edit isn't set, then rprompt will be printed after the prompt and before the command input.

savedirs (+)

If set, the shell does `dirs -S' before exiting. If the first word is set to a number, at most that many directory stack entries are saved.

savehist If set, the shell does `history -S' before exiting. If the first word is set to a number, at most that many lines are saved. (The number should be less than or equal to the number history entries; if it is set to greater than the number of history settings, only history entries will be saved) If the second word is set to `merge', the history list is merged with the existing history file instead of replacing it (if there is one) and sorted by time stamp and the most recent events are retained. If the second word of savehist is `merge' and the third word is set to `lock', the history file update will be serialized with other shell sessions that would possibly like to merge history at exactly the same time. (+)

sched (+) The format in which the sched builtin command prints scheduled events; if not given, `%h\t%T\t%R\n' is used. The format sequences are described above under prompt; note the variable meaning of `%R'.

shell The file in which the shell resides. This is used in forking shells to interpret files which have execute bits set, but which are not executable by the system. (See the description of Builtin and non-builtin command execution.) Initialized to the (system-dependent) home of the shell.

shlvl (+) The number of nested shells. Reset to 1 in login shells. See also loginsh.

status The exit status from the last command or backquote expansion, or any command in a pipeline is propagated to status. (This is also the default csh behavior.) This default does not match what POSIX mandates (to return the status of the last command only). To match the POSIX behavior, you need to unset anyerror.
If the anyerror variable is unset, the exit status of a pipeline is determined only from the last command in the pipeline, and the exit status of a backquote expansion is not propagated to status.
If a command terminated abnormally, then 0200 is added to the status. Builtin commands which fail return exit status `1', all other builtin commands return status `0'.

symlinks (+)

Can be set to several different values to control symbolic link (`symlink') resolution:
If set to `chase', whenever the current directory changes to a directory containing a symbolic link, it is expanded to the real name of the directory to which the link points. This does not work for the user's home directory; this is a bug.
If set to `ignore', the shell tries to construct a current directory relative to the current directory before the link was crossed. This means that cding through a symbolic link and then `cd ..'ing returns one to the original directory. This affects only builtin commands and filename completion.
If set to `expand', the shell tries to fix symbolic links by actually expanding arguments which look like path names. This affects any command, not just builtins. Unfortunately, this does not work for hard-to-recognize filenames, such as those embedded in command options. Expansion may be prevented by quoting. While this setting is usually the most convenient, it is sometimes misleading and sometimes confusing when it fails to recognize an argument which should be expanded. A compromise is to use `ignore' and use the editor command normalize-path (bound by default to ^X-n) when necessary.
Some examples are in order. First, let's set up some play directories:

> cd /tmp
> mkdir from from/src to
> ln -s from/src to/dst

Here's the behavior with symlinks unset,

> cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd
/tmp/to/dst
> cd ..; echo $cwd
/tmp/from

here's the behavior with symlinks set to `chase',

> cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd
/tmp/from/src
> cd ..; echo $cwd
/tmp/from

here's the behavior with symlinks set to `ignore',

> cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd
/tmp/to/dst
> cd ..; echo $cwd
/tmp/to

and here's the behavior with symlinks set to `expand'.

> cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd
/tmp/to/dst
> cd ..; echo $cwd
/tmp/to
> cd /tmp/to/dst; echo $cwd
/tmp/to/dst
> cd ".."; echo $cwd
/tmp/from
> /bin/echo ..
/tmp/to
> /bin/echo ".."
amp;..

Note that `expand' expansion 1) works just like `ignore' for builtins like cd, 2) is prevented by quoting, and 3) happens before filenames are passed to non-builtin commands.

tcsh (+) The version number of the shell in the format `R.VV.PP', where `R' is the major release number, `VV' the current version and `PP' the patchlevel.

term The terminal type. Usually set in ~/.login as described under Startup and shutdown.

time If set to a number, then the time builtin (q.v.) executes automatically after each command which takes more than that many CPU seconds. If there is a second word, it is used as a format string for the output of the time builtin. (u) The following sequences may be used in the format string:

%U The time the process spent in user mode in cpu seconds.

%S The time the process spent in kernel mode in cpu seconds.

%E The elapsed (wall clock) time in seconds.

%P The CPU percentage computed as (%U + %S) / %E.

%W Number of times the process was swapped.

%X The average amount in (shared) text space used in Kbytes.

%D The average amount in (unshared) data/stack space used in Kbytes.

%K The total space used (%X + %D) in Kbytes.

%M The maximum memory the process had in use at any time in Kbytes.

%F The number of major page faults (page needed to be brought from disk).

%R The number of minor page faults.

%I The number of input operations.

%O The number of output operations.

%r The number of socket messages received.

%s The number of socket messages sent.

%k The number of signals received.

%w The number of voluntary context switches (waits).

%c The number of involuntary context switches.

Only the first four sequences are supported on systems without BSD resource limit functions. The default time format is `%Uu %Ss %E %P %X+%Dk %I+%Oio %Fpf+%Ww' for systems that support resource usage reporting and `%Uu %Ss %E %P' for systems that do not.

Under Sequent's DYNIX/ptx, %X, %D, %K, %r and %s are not available, but the following additional sequences are:

%Y The number of system calls performed.

%Z The number of pages which are zero-filled on demand.

%i The number of times a process's resident set size was increased by the kernel.

%d The number of times a process's resident set size was decreased by the kernel.

%l The number of read system calls performed.

%m The number of write system calls performed.

%p The number of reads from raw disk devices.

%q The number of writes to raw disk devices.

and the default time format is `%Uu %Ss %E %P %I+%Oio %Fpf+%Ww'. Note that the CPU percentage can be higher than 100% on multi-processors.

tperiod (+)

The period, in minutes, between executions of the periodic special alias.

tty (+) The name of the tty, or empty if not attached to one.

uid (+) The user's real user ID.

user The user's login name.

verbose If set, causes the words of each command to be printed, after history substitution (if any). Set by the -v command line option.

version (+)

The version ID stamp. It contains the shell's version number (see tcsh), origin, release date, vendor, operating system and machine (see VENDOR, OSTYPE and MACHTYPE) and a comma-separated list of options which were set at compile time. Options which are set by default in the distribution are noted.

8b The shell is eight bit clean; default

7b The shell is not eight bit clean

wide The shell is multibyte encoding clean (like UTF-8)

nls The system's NLS is used; default for systems with NLS

lf Login shells execute /etc/csh.login before instead of after /etc/csh.cshrc and ~/.login before instead of after ~/.tcshrc and ~/.history.

dl `.' is put last in path for security; default

nd `.' is omitted from path for security

vi vi(1)-style editing is the default rather than emacs(1)-style

dtr Login shells drop DTR when exiting

bye bye is a synonym for logout and log is an alternate name for watchlog

al autologout is enabled; default

kan Kanji is used if appropriate according to locale settings, unless the nokanji shell variable is set

sm The system's malloc(3) is used

hb The `#!<program> <args>' convention is emulated when executing shell scripts

ng The newgrp builtin is available

rh The shell attempts to set the REMOTEHOST environment variable

afs The shell verifies your password with the kerberos server if local authentication fails. The afsuser shell variable or the AFSUSER environment variable override your local username if set.

An administrator may enter additional strings to indicate differences in the local version.

vimode (+)

If unset, various key bindings change behavior to be more emacs(1)-style: word boundaries are determined by wordchars versus other characters.
If set, various key bindings change behavior to be more vi(1)-style: word boundaries are determined by wordchars versus whitespace versus other characters; cursor behavior depends upon current vi mode (command, delete, insert, replace).
This variable is unset by bindkey -e and set by bindkey -v. vimode may be explicitly set or unset by the user after those bindkey operations if required.

visiblebell (+)

If set, a screen flash is used rather than the audible bell. See also nobeep.

watch (+) A list of user/terminal pairs to watch for logins and logouts. If either the user is `any' all terminals are watched for the given user and vice versa. Setting watch to `(any any)' watches all users and terminals. For example,

set watch = (george ttyd1 any console $user any)

reports activity of the user `george' on ttyd1, any user on the console, and oneself (or a trespasser) on any terminal.
Logins and logouts are checked every 10 minutes by default, but the first word of watch can be set to a number to check every so many minutes. For example,

set watch = (1 any any)

reports any login/logout once every minute. For the impatient, the log builtin command triggers a watch report at any time. All current logins are reported (as with the log builtin) when watch is first set.
The who shell variable controls the format of watch reports.

who (+) The format string for watch messages. The following sequences are replaced by the given information:

%n The name of the user who logged in/out.

%a The observed action, i.e., `logged on', `logged off' or `replaced olduser on'.

%l The terminal (tty) on which the user logged in/out.

%M The full hostname of the remote host, or `local' if the login/logout was from the local host.

%m The hostname of the remote host up to the first `.'. The full name is printed if it is an IP address or an X Window System display.

%M and %m are available on only systems that store the remote hostname in /etc/utmp. If unset, `%n has %a %l from %m.' is used, or `%n has %a %l.' on systems which don't store the remote hostname.

wordchars (+)

A list of non-alphanumeric characters to be considered part of a word by the forward-word, backward-word etc., editor commands. If unset, the default value is determined based on the state of vimode: if vimode is unset, `*?_-.[]~=' is used as the default; if vimode is set, `_' is used as the default.

-b	Forces a ``break'' from option processing, causing any further shell arguments to be treated as non-option arguments. The remaining arguments will not be interpreted as shell options. This may be used to pass options to a shell script without confusion or possible subterfuge. The shell will not run a set-user ID script without this option.
-c	Commands are read from the following argument (which must be present, and must be a single argument), stored in the command shell variable for reference, and executed. Any remaining arguments are placed in the argv shell variable.
-d	The shell loads the directory stack from ~/.cshdirs as described under Startup and shutdown, whether or not it is a login shell. (+)
-Dname[=value]
	Sets the environment variable name to value. (Domain/OS only) (+)
-e	The shell exits if any invoked command terminates abnormally or yields a non-zero exit status.
-f	The shell does not load any resource or startup files, or perform any command hashing, and thus starts faster.
-F	The shell uses fork(2) instead of vfork(2) to spawn processes. (+)
-i	The shell is interactive and prompts for its top-level input, even if it appears to not be a terminal. Shells are interactive without this option if their inputs and outputs are terminals.
-l	The shell is a login shell. Applicable only if -l is the only flag specified.
-m	The shell loads ~/.tcshrc even if it does not belong to the effective user. Newer versions of su(1) can pass -m to the shell. (+)
-n	The shell parses commands but does not execute them. This aids in debugging shell scripts.
-q	The shell accepts SIGQUIT (see Signal handling) and behaves when it is used under a debugger. Job control is disabled. (u)
-s	Command input is taken from the standard input.
-t	The shell reads and executes a single line of input. A `\' may be used to escape the newline at the end of this line and continue onto another line.
-v	Sets the verbose shell variable, so that command input is echoed after history substitution.
-x	Sets the echo shell variable, so that commands are echoed immediately before execution.
-V	Sets the verbose shell variable even before executing ~/.tcshrc.
-X	Is to -x as -V is to -v.
--help
	Print a help message on the standard output and exit. (+)
--version
	Print the version/platform/compilation options on the standard output and exit. This information is also contained in the version shell variable. (+)

n	A number, referring to a particular event
-n	An offset, referring to the event n before the current event
#	The current event. This should be used carefully in csh(1), where there is no check for recursion. tcsh allows 10 levels of recursion. (+)
!	The previous event (equivalent to `-1')
s	The most recent event whose first word begins with the string s
?s?	The most recent event which contains the string s. The second `?' can be omitted if it is immediately followed by a newline.

0	The first (command) word
n	The nth argument
^	The first argument, equivalent to `1'
$	The last argument
%	The word matched by an ?s? search
x-y	A range of words
-y	Equivalent to `0-y'
*	Equivalent to `^-$', but returns nothing if the event contains only 1 word
x*	Equivalent to `x-$'
x-	Equivalent to `x'*, but omitting the last word (`$')

h	Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving the head.
t	Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
r	Remove a filename extension `.xxx', leaving the root name.
e	Remove all but the extension.
u	Uppercase the first lowercase letter.
l	Lowercase the first uppercase letter.
s/l/r/	Substitute l for r. l is simply a string like r, not a regular expression as in the eponymous ed(1) command. Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of `/'; a `\' can be used to quote the delimiter inside l and r. The character `&' in the r is replaced by l; `\' also quotes `&'. If l is empty (``''), the l from a previous substitution or the s from a previous search or event number in event specification is used. The trailing delimiter may be omitted if it is immediately followed by a newline.
&	Repeat the previous substitution.
g	Apply the following modifier once to each word.
a (+)	Apply the following modifier as many times as possible to a single word. `a' and `g' can be used together to apply a modifier globally. With the `s' modifier, only the patterns contained in the original word are substituted, not patterns that contain any substitution result.
p	Print the new command line but do not execute it.
q	Quote the substituted words, preventing further substitutions.
Q	Same as q but in addition preserve empty variables as a string containing a NUL. This is useful to preserve positional arguments for example:

${name}	Substitutes the words of the value of variable name, each separated by a blank. Braces insulate name from following characters which would otherwise be part of it. Shell variables have names consisting of letters and digits starting with a letter. The underscore character is considered a letter. If name is not a shell variable, but is set in the environment, then that value is returned (but some of the other forms given below are not available in this case).
$name[selector]
${name[selector]}
	Substitutes only the selected words from the value of name. The selector is subjected to `$' substitution and may consist of a single number or two numbers separated by a `-'. The first word of a variable's value is numbered `1'. If the first number of a range is omitted it defaults to `1'. If the last member of a range is omitted it defaults to `$#name'. The selector `*' selects all words. It is not an error for a range to be empty if the second argument is omitted or in range.
$0	Substitutes the name of the file from which command input is being read. An error occurs if the name is not known.
$number
${number}
	Equivalent to `$argv[number]'.
$*	Equivalent to `$argv', which is equivalent to `$argv[*]'.
The `:' modifiers described under History substitution, except for `:p', can be applied to the substitutions above. More than one may be used. (+) Braces may be needed to insulate a variable substitution from a literal colon just as with History substitution (q.v.); any modifiers must appear within the braces.
The following substitutions can not be modified with `:' modifiers.
$?name
${?name}	Substitutes the string `1' if name is set, `0' if it is not.
$?0	Substitutes `1' if the current input filename is known, `0' if it is not. Always `0' in interactive shells.
$#name
${#name}	Substitutes the number of words in name.
$#	Equivalent to `$#argv'. (+)
$%name
${%name}	Substitutes the number of characters in name. (+)
$%number
${%number}
	Substitutes the number of characters in $argv[number]. (+)
$?	Equivalent to `$status'. (+)
$$	Substitutes the (decimal) process number of the (parent) shell.
$!	Substitutes the (decimal) process number of the last background process started by this shell. (+)
$_	Substitutes the command line of the last command executed. (+)
$<	Substitutes a line from the standard input, with no further interpretation thereafter. It can be used to read from the keyboard in a shell script. (+) While csh always quotes $<, as if it were equivalent to `$<:q', tcsh does not. Furthermore, when tcsh is waiting for a line to be typed the user may type an interrupt to interrupt the sequence into which the line is to be substituted, but csh does not allow this.

down	down-history
up	up-history
left	backward-char
right	forward-char

	cd; pwd
leaves you in the home directory. Parenthesized commands are most often used to prevent cd from affecting the current shell.
When a command to be executed is found not to be a builtin command the shell attempts to execute the command via execve(2). Each word in the variable path names a directory in which the shell will look for the command. If the shell is not given a -f option, the shell hashes the names in these directories into an internal table so that it will try an execve(2) in only a directory where there is a possibility that the command resides there. This greatly speeds command location when a large number of directories are present in the search path. This hashing mechanism is not used:
1.	If hashing is turned explicitly off via unhash.
2.	If the shell was given a -f argument.
3.	For each directory component of path which does not begin with a `/'.
4.	If the command contains a `/'.

< name	Open file name (which is first variable, command and filename expanded) as the standard input.
<< word	Read the shell input up to a line which is identical to word. word is not subjected to variable, filename or command substitution, and each input line is compared to word before any substitutions are done on this input line. Unless a quoting `\', `"', `' or `' appears in word variable and command substitution is performed on the intervening lines, allowing `\' to quote `$', `\' and `'. Commands which are substituted have all blanks, tabs, and newlines preserved, except for the final newline which is dropped. The resultant text is placed in an anonymous temporary file which is given to the command as standard input.
> name >! name >& name
>&! name	The file name is used as standard output. If the file does not exist then it is created; if the file exists, it is truncated, its previous contents being lost. If the shell variable noclobber is set, then the file must not exist or be a character special file (e.g., a terminal or `/dev/null') or an error results. This helps prevent accidental destruction of files. In this case the `!' forms can be used to suppress this check. If notempty is given in noclobber, `>' is allowed on empty files; if ask is set, an interacive confirmation is presented, rather than an error. The forms involving `&' route the diagnostic output into the specified file as well as the standard output. name is expanded in the same way as `<' input filenames are.
>> name >>& name >>! name
>>&! name	Like `>', but appends output to the end of name. If the shell variable noclobber is set, then it is an error for the file not to exist, unless one of the `!' forms is given.

r	Read access
w	Write access
x	Execute access
X	Executable in the path or shell builtin, e.g., `-X ls' and `-X ls-F' are generally true, but `-X /bin/ls' is not (+)
e	Existence
o	Ownership
z	Zero size
s	Non-zero size (+)
f	Plain file
d	Directory
l	Symbolic link (+) *
b	Block special file (+)
c	Character special file (+)
p	Named pipe (fifo) (+) *
S	Socket special file (+) *
u	Set-user-ID bit is set (+)
g	Set-group-ID bit is set (+)
k	Sticky bit is set (+)
t	file (which must be a digit) is an open file descriptor for a terminal device (+)
R	Has been migrated (Convex only) (+)
L	Applies subsequent operators in a multiple-operator test to a symbolic link rather than to the file to which the link points (+) *

A	Last file access time, as the number of seconds since the epoch
A:	Like A, but in timestamp format, e.g., `Fri May 14 16:36:10 1993'
M	Last file modification time
M:	Like M, but in timestamp format
C	Last inode modification time
C:	Like C, but in timestamp format
D	Device number
I	Inode number
F	Composite file identifier, in the form device:inode
L	The name of the file pointed to by a symbolic link
N	Number of (hard) links
P	Permissions, in octal, without leading zero
P:	Like P, with leading zero
Pmode	Equivalent to `-P file & mode', e.g., `-P22 file' returns `22' if file is writable by group and other, `20' if by group only, and `0' if by neither
Pmode:	Like Pmode, with leading zero
U	Numeric userid
U:	Username, or the numeric userid if the username is unknown
G	Numeric groupid
G:	Groupname, or the numeric groupid if the groupname is unknown
Z	Size, in bytes

endsw	Each case label is successively matched, against the specified string which is first command and filename expanded. The file metacharacters `', `?' and `[...]' may be used in the case labels, which are variable expanded. If none of the labels match before a `default' label is found, then the execution begins after the default label. Each case label and the default label must appear at the beginning of a line. The command breaksw* causes execution to continue after the endsw. Otherwise control may fall through case labels and default labels as in C. If no label matches and there is no default, execution continues after the endsw.
telltc (+)
	Lists the values of all terminal capabilities (see termcap(5)).
termname [terminal type] (+)
	Tests if terminal type (or the current value of TERM if no terminal type is given) has an entry in the hosts termcap(5) or terminfo(5) database. Prints the terminal type to stdout and returns 0 if an entry is present otherwise returns 1.
time [command]
	Executes command (which must be a simple command, not an alias, a pipeline, a command list or a parenthesized command list) and prints a time summary as described under the time variable. If necessary, an extra shell is created to print the time statistic when the command completes. Without command, prints a time summary for the current shell and its children.
umask [value]
	Sets the file creation mask to value, which is given in octal. Common values for the mask are 002, giving all access to the group and read and execute access to others, and 022, giving read and execute access to the group and others. Without value, prints the current file creation mask.
unalias pattern
	Removes all aliases whose names match pattern. `unalias ' thus removes all aliases. It is not an error for nothing to be unalias*ed.
uncomplete pattern (+)
	Removes all completions whose names match pattern. `uncomplete ' thus removes all completions. It is not an error for nothing to be uncomplete*d.
unhash	Disables use of the internal hash table to speed location of executed programs.
universe universe (+)
	Sets the universe to universe. (Masscomp/RTU only)
unlimit [-hf] [resource]
	Removes the limitation on resource or, if no resource is specified, all resource limitations. With -h, the corresponding hard limits are removed. Only the super-user may do this. Note that unlimit may not exit successful, since most systems do not allow descriptors to be unlimited. With -f errors are ignored.
unset pattern
	Removes all variables whose names match pattern, unless they are read-only. `unset ' thus removes all variables unless they are read-only; this is a bad idea. It is not an error for nothing to be unset*.
unsetenv pattern
	Removes all environment variables whose names match pattern. `unsetenv ' thus removes all environment variables; this is a bad idea. It is not an error for nothing to be unsetenv*ed.
ver [systype [command]] (+)
	Without arguments, prints SYSTYPE. With systype, sets SYSTYPE to systype. With systype and command, executes command under systype. systype may be `bsd4.3' or `sys5.3'. (Domain/OS only)
wait	The shell waits for all background jobs. If the shell is interactive, an interrupt will disrupt the wait and cause the shell to print the names and job numbers of all outstanding jobs.
warp universe (+)
	Sets the universe to universe. (Convex/OS only)
watchlog (+)
	An alternate name for the log builtin command (q.v.). Available only if the shell was so compiled; see the version shell variable.
where command (+)
	Reports all known instances of command, including aliases, builtins and executables in path.
which command (+)
	Displays the command that will be executed by the shell after substitutions, path searching, etc. The builtin command is just like which(1), but it correctly reports tcsh aliases and builtins and is 10 to 100 times faster. See also the which-command editor command.
while (expr) amp;...
end	Executes the commands between the while and the matching end while expr (an expression, as described under Expressions) evaluates non-zero. while and end must appear alone on their input lines. break and continue may be used to terminate or continue the loop prematurely. If the input is a terminal, the user is prompted the first time through the loop as with foreach.

/etc/csh.cshrc	Read first by every shell. ConvexOS, Stellix and Intel use /etc/cshrc and NeXTs use /etc/cshrc.std. A/UX, AMIX, Cray and IRIX have no equivalent in csh(1), but read this file in tcsh anyway. Solaris 2.x does not have it either, but tcsh reads /etc/.cshrc. (+)
/etc/csh.login	Read by login shells after /etc/csh.cshrc. ConvexOS, Stellix and Intel use /etc/login, NeXTs use /etc/login.std, Solaris 2.x uses /etc/.login and A/UX, AMIX, Cray and IRIX use /etc/cshrc.
~/.tcshrc (+)	Read by every shell after /etc/csh.cshrc or its equivalent.
~/.cshrc	Read by every shell, if ~/.tcshrc doesn't exist, after /etc/csh.cshrc or its equivalent. This manual uses `~/.tcshrc' to mean `~/.tcshrc or, if ~/.tcshrc is not found, ~/.cshrc'.
~/.history	Read by login shells after ~/.tcshrc if savehist is set, but see also histfile.
~/.login	Read by login shells after ~/.tcshrc or ~/.history. The shell may be compiled to read ~/.login before instead of after ~/.tcshrc and ~/.history; see the version shell variable.
~/.cshdirs (+)	Read by login shells after ~/.login if savedirs is set, but see also dirsfile.
/etc/csh.logout	Read by login shells at logout. ConvexOS, Stellix and Intel use /etc/logout and NeXTs use /etc/logout.std. A/UX, AMIX, Cray and IRIX have no equivalent in csh(1), but read this file in tcsh anyway. Solaris 2.x does not have it either, but tcsh reads /etc/.logout. (+)
~/.logout	Read by login shells at logout after /etc/csh.logout or its equivalent.
/bin/sh	Used to interpret shell scripts not starting with a `#'.
/tmp/sh*	Temporary file for `<<'.
/etc/passwd	Source of home directories for `~name' substitutions.

William Joy
	Original author of csh(1)
J.E. Kulp, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria
	Job control and directory stack features
Ken Greer, HP Labs, 1981
	File name completion
Mike Ellis, Fairchild, 1983
	Command name recognition/completion
Paul Placeway, Ohio State CIS Dept., 1983-1993
	Command line editor, prompt routines, new glob syntax and numerous fixes and speedups
Karl Kleinpaste, CCI 1983-4
	Special aliases, directory stack extraction stuff, login/logout watch, scheduled events, and the idea of the new prompt format
Rayan Zachariassen, University of Toronto, 1984
	ls-F and which builtins and numerous bug fixes, modifications and speedups
Chris Kingsley, Caltech
	Fast storage allocator routines
Chris Grevstad, TRW, 1987
	Incorporated 4.3BSD csh into tcsh
Christos S. Zoulas, Cornell U. EE Dept., 1987-94
	Ports to HPUX, SVR2 and SVR3, a SysV version of getwd.c, SHORT_STRINGS support and a new version of sh.glob.c
James J Dempsey, BBN, and Paul Placeway, OSU, 1988
	A/UX port
Daniel Long, NNSC, 1988
	wordchars
Patrick Wolfe, Kuck and Associates, Inc., 1988
	vi mode cleanup
David C Lawrence, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1989
	autolist and ambiguous completion listing
Alec Wolman, DEC, 1989
	Newlines in the prompt
Matt Landau, BBN, 1989
	~/.tcshrc
Ray Moody, Purdue Physics, 1989
	Magic space bar history expansion
Mordechai ????, Intel, 1989
	printprompt() fixes and additions
Kazuhiro Honda, Dept. of Computer Science, Keio University, 1989
	Automatic spelling correction and prompt3
Per Hedeland, Ellemtel, Sweden, 1990-
	Various bugfixes, improvements and manual updates
Hans J. Albertsson (Sun Sweden)
	ampm, settc and telltc
Michael Bloom
	Interrupt handling fixes
Michael Fine, Digital Equipment Corp
	Extended key support
Eric Schnoebelen, Convex, 1990
	Convex support, lots of csh bug fixes, save and restore of directory stack
Ron Flax, Apple, 1990
	A/UX 2.0 (re)port
Dan Oscarsson, LTH Sweden, 1990
	NLS support and simulated NLS support for non NLS sites, fixes
Johan Widen, SICS Sweden, 1990
	shlvl, Mach support, correct-line, 8-bit printing
Matt Day, Sanyo Icon, 1990
	POSIX termio support, SysV limit fixes
Jaap Vermeulen, Sequent, 1990-91
	Vi mode fixes, expand-line, window change fixes, Symmetry port
Martin Boyer, Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Quebec, 1991
	autolist beeping options, modified the history search to search for the whole string from the beginning of the line to the cursor.
Scott Krotz, Motorola, 1991
	Minix port
David Dawes, Sydney U. Australia, Physics Dept., 1991
	SVR4 job control fixes
Jose Sousa, Interactive Systems Corp., 1991
	Extended vi fixes and vi delete command
Marc Horowitz, MIT, 1991
	ANSIfication fixes, new exec hashing code, imake fixes, where
Bruce Sterling Woodcock, sterling@netcom.com, 1991-1995
	ETA and Pyramid port, Makefile and lint fixes, ignoreeof=n addition, and various other portability changes and bug fixes
Jeff Fink, 1992
	complete-word-fwd and complete-word-back
Harry C. Pulley, 1992
	Coherent port
Andy Phillips, Mullard Space Science Lab U.K., 1992
	VMS-POSIX port
Beto Appleton, IBM Corp., 1992
	Walking process group fixes, csh bug fixes, POSIX file tests, POSIX SIGHUP
Scott Bolte, Cray Computer Corp., 1992
	CSOS port
Kaveh R. Ghazi, Rutgers University, 1992
	Tek, m88k, Titan and Masscomp ports and fixes. Added autoconf support.
Mark Linderman, Cornell University, 1992
	OS/2 port
Mika Liljeberg, liljeber@kruuna.Helsinki.FI, 1992
	Linux port
Tim P. Starrin, NASA Langley Research Center Operations, 1993
	Read-only variables
Dave Schweisguth, Yale University, 1993-4
	New man page and tcsh.man2html
Larry Schwimmer, Stanford University, 1993
	AFS and HESIOD patches
Luke Mewburn, RMIT University, 1994-6
	Enhanced directory printing in prompt, added ellipsis and rprompt.
Edward Hutchins, Silicon Graphics Inc., 1996
	Added implicit cd.
Martin Kraemer, 1997
	Ported to Siemens Nixdorf EBCDIC machine
Amol Deshpande, Microsoft, 1997
	Ported to WIN32 (Windows/95 and Windows/NT); wrote all the missing library and message catalog code to interface to Windows.
Taga Nayuta, 1998
	Color ls additions.

Manual Pages — TCSH

NAME

CONTENTS

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Argument list processing

Startup and shutdown

Editing

The command-line editor (+)

Completion and listing (+)

Spelling correction (+)

Editor commands (+)

Lexical structure

Substitutions

History substitution

Alias substitution

Variable substitution

Command, filename and directory stack substitution

Command substitution

Filename substitution

Directory stack substitution (+)

Other substitutions (+)

Commands

Simple commands, pipelines and sequences

Builtin and non-builtin command execution

Input/output

Features

Control flow

Expressions

Logical, arithmetical and comparison operators

Command exit status

File inquiry operators

Jobs

Status reporting

Automatic, periodic and timed events (+)

Native Language System support (+)

OS variant support (+)

Signal handling

Terminal management (+)

REFERENCE

Builtin commands

Special aliases (+)

Special shell variables

ENVIRONMENT

FILES

NEW FEATURES (+)

BUGS

THE T IN TCSH

LIMITATIONS

SEE ALSO

VERSION

AUTHORS

THANKS TO