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If a command specified to the shell contains a slash ‘/’, the shell will not execute a builtin command, even if the last component of the specified command matches the name of a builtin command. Thus, while specifying "echo" causes a builtin command to be executed under shells that support the echo builtin command, specifying "/bin/echo" or "./echo" does not.
While some builtin commands may exist in more than one shell, their operation may be different under each shell which supports them. Below is a table which lists shell builtin commands, the standard shells that support them and whether they exist as standalone utilities.
Only builtin commands for the csh(1) and sh(1) shells are listed here. Consult a shell's manual page for details on the operation its builtin commands. Beware that the sh(1) manual page, at least, calls some of these commands "built-in commands" and some of them "reserved words". Users of other shells may need to consult an info(1) page or other sources of documentation.
Commands marked "No**" under External do exist externally, but are implemented as scripts using a builtin command of the same name.
Command | External | csh(1) | sh(1) |
amp;! | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
% | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
amp;. | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
amp;: | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
@ | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
amp;[ | Yes | amp;No | Yes |
{ | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
} | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
alias | No** | Yes | Yes |
alloc | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
bg | No** | Yes | Yes |
bind | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
bindkey | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
break | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
breaksw | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
builtin | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
builtins | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
case | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
cd | No** | Yes | Yes |
chdir | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
command | No** | amp;No | Yes |
complete | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
continue | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
default | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
dirs | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
do | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
done | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
echo | Yes | Yes | Yes |
echotc | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
elif | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
else | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
end | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
endif | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
endsw | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
esac | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
eval | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
exec | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
exit | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
export | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
false | Yes | amp;No | Yes |
fc | No** | amp;No | Yes |
fg | No** | Yes | Yes |
filetest | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
fi | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
for | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
foreach | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
getopts | No** | amp;No | Yes |
glob | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
goto | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
hash | No** | amp;No | Yes |
hashstat | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
history | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
hup | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
if | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
jobid | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
jobs | No** | Yes | Yes |
kill | Yes | Yes | Yes |
limit | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
local | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
log | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
login | Yes | Yes | amp;No |
logout | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
ls-F | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
nice | Yes | Yes | amp;No |
nohup | Yes | Yes | amp;No |
notify | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
onintr | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
popd | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
printenv | Yes | Yes | amp;No |
printf | Yes | amp;No | Yes |
pushd | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
pwd | Yes | amp;No | Yes |
read | No** | amp;No | Yes |
readonly | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
rehash | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
repeat | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
return | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
sched | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
set | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
setenv | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
settc | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
setty | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
setvar | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
shift | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
source | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
stop | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
suspend | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
switch | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
telltc | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
test | Yes | amp;No | Yes |
then | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
time | Yes | Yes | amp;No |
times | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
trap | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
true | Yes | amp;No | Yes |
type | No** | amp;No | Yes |
ulimit | No** | amp;No | Yes |
umask | No** | Yes | Yes |
unalias | No** | Yes | Yes |
uncomplete | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
unhash | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
unlimit | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
unset | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
unsetenv | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
until | amp;No | amp;No | Yes |
wait | No** | Yes | Yes |
where | amp;No | Yes | amp;No |
which | Yes | Yes | amp;No |
while | amp;No | Yes | Yes |
BUILTIN (1) | December 21, 2010 |
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“ | Ken Thompson has an automobile which he helped design. Unlike most automobiles, it has neither speedometer, nor gas gauge, nor any of the other numerous idiot lights which plague the modern driver. Rather, if the driver makes a mistake, a giant “?” lights up in the center of the dashboard. “The experienced driver,” says Thompson, “will usually know what's wrong.” | ” |